It is widely accepted that AMF could alleviate various stresses or combination of stresses that include, drought, salinity, temperature, nutrients, and heavy metals. For example, exposure of plants to a combination of drought and salinity causes an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, which can be highly injurious to plants Bauddh and Singh, Very rare research reports are available in the literature demonstrating the role of AMF in mitigation of combined effects of two or more stresses.
Similarities among the tolerance mechanisms may occur in response to AMF-mediated combined stress adaptations. It is proposed that AMF-mediated alterations in phytohormone profile, mineral uptake and assimilation, accumulation of compatible osmolytes and secondary metabolites, and up-regulation of antioxidant system can be the common mechanisms induced during different stresses. However, specific mechanisms like compartmentation and sequestration of toxic ions, production of phytochelatins, and protein expression can be specific and exhibit a significant change with stress type and the AMF species involved.
Changes in root characteristics like hydraulic conductivities can improve the osmotic stress tolerance to considerable levels Evelin et al. The said characteristics of AMF may elevate nutraceutical quality of crops and could be of considerable agronomic importance for production and management of different potential crops.
However, extensive studies are required to unravel the role of AMF in counteracting the effects of combined stresses. A few research reports have already documented the beneficial role of AMF in improving plant growth under stressful environments.
Therefore, in this review, the existing information related to the role of AMF has been combined in a coherent way for understanding of AMF symbiotic relationship with a variety of plants under stress environments.
Previously, the AMF have been mainly discussed as beneficial entities for nutrient uptake from soil; however, recently, it has been clearly depicted that plants inoculated with AMF can effectively combat various environmental cues, like salinity, drought, nutrient stress, alkali stress, cold stress, and extreme temperatures, and thus help increase per hectare yield of a large number of crops and vegetables.
Encouragement of AMF usage is of immense importance for modern global agricultural systems for their consistent sustainability. Undoubtedly, exploitation of AMF for agricultural improvement can significantly reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and other chemicals, thereby promoting the bio-healthy agriculture.
AMF-mediated growth and productivity enhancement in crop plants can be beneficial to overcome the consumption requirement of increasing population across the globe.
In addition, environment-friendly technologies shall be highly encouraged due to their widespread use. The primary focus of future research should be on the identification of genes and gene products controlling the AMF mediated growth and development regulation under stressful cues. Identification of both host as well as AMF specific protein factors regulating symbiotic association and the major cellular and metabolic pathways under different environmental stresses can be hot areas for future research in this field.
Understanding the AMF induced modulations in the tolerance mechanisms and the crosstalk triggered to regulate plant performance can help improve crop productivity. Taken together, AMF must be explored at all levels to further investigate their role in nature as a bio-fertilizer for sustainable agricultural production. MA helped considerably in writing of this manuscript and made final corrections. Abdel Latef, A.
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Elhindi, K. Mycorrhizae supply the water and nutrients needed by the plant for establishment and survival, and, in return, receive from the plant roots sugars and other compounds needed by the fungus. Mycorrhizae are much smaller than roots, so they can easily penetrate into smaller spaces between soil particles, where they release powerful enzymes that dissolve tightly bound minerals like phosphorus, sulfur, iron, and all the major and minor nutrients known to be used by plants.
The nutrients are retained by the mycorrhizae and become available for use by the plants. Mycorrhizae provide many other benefits to plants. The fungal filaments take up and store water, decreasing drought stress during dry periods. The fungal filaments bind soil particles into larger aggregates with organic glues such as humic compounds; the resulting soil structure allows air and water movement into the soil, encouraging root growth and distribution.
Mycorrhizal fungi attack disease organisms that enter the root zone in several ways. Some produce antibiotics that immobilize or kill disease organisms. Others trap root-feeding nematodes and kill them. Some protect the plants from disease-causing fungi, such as Fusarium , Phytophthora , and Rhizoctonia. These activities result in improved survival, enhanced top and root growth, and increased production of flowers and fruits, plus protection from disease and an improved soil structure.
The plants can better compete against invasion by weed plants and can better survive drought conditions. A single root tip colonized by Rhizopogon mycorrhizal fungus will branch into a dense, coral-like accumulation of many root tips. Most of our man-made environments were built using practices that destroy the soil conditions supportive of beneficial soil organisms.
Where there has been compaction, erosion, grading, topsoil removal, overgrazing, tillage, fertilization, paving, pollution, and the use of soilless planting mixes in nurseries, mycorrhizal fungi have been eliminated completely.
Many mycorrhizal fungi do not disperse their spores in the wind, but must grow from root to root, or be dispersed by animals, so a close proximity to healthy and undisturbed natural sites is necessary to repopulate a disturbed soil.
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