As Ko et al. Moreover, they also found that ABCG14 is expressed in the vasculature, and that the protein it encodes is localized at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, like the application of exogenous trans- zeatin, the grafting of abcg14 shoots to wild type roots could rescue defective shoot growth, suggesting that the translocation of cytokinins from roots to shoots, mediated by ABCG14, is necessary for proper shoot growth and development Ko et al.
Interestingly, plants have many more ABC transporters than other organisms, and ABCG transporters are particularly abundant in plants reviewed by Hwang et al. These transporters have been clustered in six groups Rajsz et al. In summary, the work on PUP, ENT and ABCG transporters has provided more pieces to put together the puzzle of cytokinin transport and to improve the current understanding of cytokinin action.
Still, there are many questions that remain open about these matters. For cytokinin transport, some of the many possible questions that come to mind are: Which roles do the different members of these families play in the local, paracrine and systemic effects of cytokinin? Do other members of each transporter family have the same biochemical functions as the members that have been studied?
For example, human ENTs can facilitate nucleoside transport in a bidirectional fashion, and some have been associated with nuclear or endoplasmic reticulum membranes reviewed in Young et al. Do members of this family in plants function or localize in similar ways? Moreover, phloem cytokinin isopentenyladenine type transport from shoot to root has an important function in root vascular development and nodulation control Bishopp et al.
Do members of one or more of these families participate in this translocation? Are there more cytokinin transporters that remain to be discovered? It will be very interesting to further explore the localization, transport capabilities and role of all the members of these transporter families in cytokinin movement, their impact on plant development and other processes, and integrate the new knowledge in the current models of cytokinin homeostasis and action.
All the authors revised published information, discussed and prepared the table, and drafted the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Amasino, R. The 50th anniversary of a new plant hormone. Plant Physiol. Bernard, C. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 ENT1 is critical for pollen germination and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis. Bishopp, A. Phloem-transported cytokinin regulates polar auxin transport and maintains vascular pattern in the root meristem. Borghi, L. Transport of cytokinins mediated by purine transporters of the PUP family expressed in phloem, hydathodes, and pollen of Arabidopsis.
Plant J. Caesar, K. Cedzich, A. Characterization of cytokinin and adenine transport in Arabidopsis cell cultures. Del Bianco, M. Spatiotemporal changes in the role of cytokinin during root development. New Phytol. Deng, Y. Arabidopsis histidine kinase CKI1 acts upstream of histidine phosphotransfer proteins to regulate female gametophyte development and vegetative growth.
Plant Cell 22, — El-Showk, S. Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk. Development , — Gillissen, B. A new family of high-affinity transporters for adenine, cytosine, and purine derivatives in Arabidopsis.
Plant Cell 12, — Girke, C. Nucleobase and nucleoside transport and integration into plant metabolism. Plant Sci. Heyl, A. Properties, functions and evolution of cytokinin receptors. Cell Biol. Hildreth, S. Tobacco nicotine uptake permease NUP1 affects alkaloid metabolism.
A , — Hirose, N. Functional characterization and expression analysis of a gene, OsENT2, encoding an equilibrative nucleoside transporter in rice suggest a function in cytokinin transport. Regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis, compartmentalization and translocation. Hwang, I. Cytokinin signaling networks. Plant Biol. Hwang, J. Plant 9, — Inoue, T. Identification of CRE1 as a cytokinin receptor from Arabidopsis. Nature , — Jelesko, J. An expanding role for purine uptake permease-like transporters in plant secondary metabolism.
Kakimoto, T. CKI1, a histidine kinase homolog implicated in cytokinin signal transduction. Science , — Kieber, J. The perception of cytokinin: a story 50 years in the making. Kakimoto T. CKI1, a histidine kinase homolog implicated in cytokinin signal transduction.
Identification of CRE1 as a cytokinin receptor from Arabidopsis. Ligand-binding properties and subcellular localization of maize cytokinin receptors. The cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis are located mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum. Plant Physiol. Hwang I, Sheen J. Two-component circuitry in Arabidopsis cytokinin signal transduction.
ARR1, a transcription factor for genes immediately responsive to cytokinins. In planta functions of the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptor family. Multiple type-B response regulators mediate cytokinin signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. The Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer proteins are redundant positive regulators of cytokinin signaling. The type-A response regulator, ARR15, acts as a negative regulator in the cytokinin-mediated signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Cytokinin-facilitated proteolysis of Arabidopsis response regulator 2 attenuates signaling output in two-component circuitry. Plant J. Cytokinin signaling stabilizes the response activator ARR1. Cytokinin signaling and its inhibitor AHP6 regulate cell fate during vascular development. Article PubMed Google Scholar.
A bHLH complex activates vascular cell division via cytokinin action in root apical meristem. Curr Biol. Integration of growth and patterning during vascular tissue formation in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis response regulator, ARR22, ectopic expression of which results in phenotypes similar to the wol cytokinin-receptor mutant. Identification of genes encoding adenylate isopentenyltransferase, a cytokinin biosynthesis enzyme, in Arabidopsis thaliana.
J Biol Chem. Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme. Arabidopsis lonely guy LOG multiple mutants reveal a central role of the LOG-dependent pathway in cytokinin activation. AtIPT3 is a key determinant of nitrate-dependent cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Nitrogen-dependent regulation of de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in rice: the role of glutamine metabolism as an additional signal.
Article Google Scholar. Expression of cytokinin biosynthetic isopentenyltransferase genes in Arabidopsis: tissue specificity and regulation by auxin, cytokinin, and nitrate. N-glucosyltransferase UGT76C2 is involved in cytokinin homeostasis and cytokinin response in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Side-chain modification of cytokinins controls shoot growth in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell. Functional analyses of lonely guy cytokinin-activating enzymes reveal the importance of the direct activation pathway in Arabidopsis. Cytokinin-deficient transgenic Arabidopsis plants show multiple developmental alterations indicating opposite functions of cytokinins in the regulation of shoot and root meristem activity.
Gene expression map of the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem stem cell niche. Cytokinin signaling as a positional cue for patterning the apical—basal axis of the growing Arabidopsis shoot meristem.
Phloem-transported cytokinin regulates polar auxin transport and maintains vascular pattern in the root meristem. Shoot-derived cytokinins systemically regulate root nodulation. Nat Commun. Arabidopsis ABCG14 protein controls the acropetal translocation of root-synthesized cytokinins. PubMed Google Scholar.
Regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis, compartmentalization and translocation. Cytokinins are central regulators of cambial activity. Arabidopsis ABCG14 is essential for the root-to-shoot translocation of cytokinin. Transport of cytokinins mediated by purine transporters of the PUP family expressed in phloem, hydathodes, and pollen of Arabidopsis.
Functional characterization and expression analysis of a gene, OsENT2, encoding an equilibrative nucleoside transporter in Oryza sativa suggest a function in cytokinin transport. Genes Dev. Cytokinin oxidase regulates rice grain production. Cytokinin regulates the activity of reproductive meristems, flower organ size, ovule formation, and thus seed yield in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The specificity of cytokinin signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by differing ligand affinities and expression profiles of the receptors. Multiple feedback loops through cytokinin signaling control stem cell number within the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. A mutually inhibitory interaction between auxin and cytokinin specifies vascular pattern in roots. English botany, or coloured figures of British plants, vol.
London: R Hardwicke; Google Scholar. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Hitoshi Sakakibara. Reprints and Permissions. Osugi, A. BMC Biol 13, Download citation. Published : 27 November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search.
Download PDF. Abstract Cytokinins comprise a family of signaling molecules essential for regulating the growth and development of plants, acting both locally and at a distance. What are cytokinins? Full size image. What are the physiological functions of cytokinins? What is the physiological concentration of cytokinins? Babu, S. Evaluating microbe-plant interactions and varietal differences for enhancing biocontrol efficacy in root rot disease challenged cotton crop.
Plant Pathol. Belimov, A. Rhizobacteria that produce auxins and contain 1-amino-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid deaminase decrease amino acid concentrations in the rhizosphere and improve growth and yield of well-watered and water-limited potato Solanum tuberosum. Bennett, E. Manipulating resource allocation in plants. Berens, M. Evolution of hormone signaling networks in plant defense. Berger, S. Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant-pathogen interactions.
Cytokinin transfer by a free-living mirid to Nicotiana attenuata recapitulates a strategy of endophytic insects. Elife 7, e Castillo, P.
Cham: Springer. Chanclud, E. Cytokinin production by the rice blast fungus is a pivotal requirement for full virulence. PLoS Pathog. Choi, J.
Cytokinin: perception, signal transduction, and role in plant growth and development. Cell 19, — Chowdhury, M. Screening of antibacterial and antifungal activity of freshwater and marine algae as a prominent natural antibiotic available in Bangladesh. Cordero, I. Inoculation of tomato plants with selected PGPR represents a feasible alternative to chemical fertilization under salt stress.
Plant Nut. Soil Sci. Cortleven, A. Cytokinin action in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants.
Plant Cell Environ. Craft, C. Google Scholar. Davies, P. Dordrecht: Springer , 1— Dermastia, M. Plant hormones in phytoplasma infected plants.
Plant Sci. Dervinis, C. Cytokinin primes plant responses to wounding and reduces insect performance. Plant Growth Regul. Dowd, C. Divergent expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling and catabolism genes underlying differences in feeding sites induced by cyst and root-knot nematodes. Plant J. Dukare, A.
Evaluating novel microbe amended composts as biocontrol agents in tomato. Crop Prot. Egamberdieva, D. Phytohormones and beneficial microbes: essential components for plants to balance stress and fitness. Coordinated induction of extracellular invertase and glucose transporters in Chenopodium rubrum by cytokinins.
Elzen, G. Minireview: cytokinins and insect galls. Engelbrecht, L. Nature , Galal, H. Biological control of some pathogenic fungi using marine algae. Giron, D. Cytokinin-induced phenotypes in plant-insect interactions: learning from the bacterial.
World J. Cytokinin-mediated leaf manipulation by a leafminer caterpillar. Cytokinins as key regulators in plant—microbe—insect interactions: connecting plant growth and defence. Insect-induced effects on plants and possible effectors used by galling and leaf-mining insects to manipulate their host-plant. Insect Physiol. Glick, B. Genetic manipulation of plant growth-promoting bacteria to enhance biocontrol of phytopathogens. Integration of multi-omics techniques and physiological phenotyping within a holistic phenomics approach to study senescence in model and crop plants.
Grosskinsky, D. Cytokinins mediate resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in tobacco through increased antimicrobial phytoalexin synthesis independent of salicylic acid signaling. Graaff, E. Cis- and trans-zeatin differentially modulate plant immunity. Plant Signal. Cytokinin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens G determines biocontrol activity against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis.
Guo, Y. Translational researches of leaf senescence for enhancing plant productivity and quality. Gururani, M. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance abiotic atress tolerance in Solanum tuberosum through inducing changes in the expression of ROS-Scavenging enzymes and improved photosynthetic performance.
Hinsch, J. De novo biosynthesis of cytokinins in the biotrophic fungus Claviceps purpurea. Holland, M. Occam's razor applied to hormonology. Hui, D. Molecular Interactions between the specialist herbivoremanduca sexta Lepidoptera, Sphingidae and its natural host nicotiana attenuata: V.
Microarray analysis and further characterization of large-scale changes in herbivore-induced mRNAs. Hussain, A. Rapid determination of cytokinins and auxin in cyanobacteria. Hwang, H. Agrobacterium-produced and exogenous cytokinin-modulated Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.
Hwang, I. Cytokinin signaling networks. Ishizawa, H. Jameson, P. The cytokinin complex associated with Rhodococcus fascians : which compounds are critical for virulence? Cytokinins and Auxins in plant-pathogen interactions - an overview. Jaulneau, V. Ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide from green algae, activates plant immunity through the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Jiang, C. Cytokinins act synergistically with salicylic acid to activate defense gene expression in rice.
Microbe Interact. Jorge, G. Endosymbiotic Methylobacterium oryzae mitigates the impact of limited water availability in lentil Lens culinaris Medik. Joseph, J. Cytokinin signaling in plant development.
Development , dev Kaiser, W. Plant green-island phenotype induced by leaf-miners is mediated by bacterial symbionts. Royal Soc. Kaminek, M. Tracking the story of cytokinin research.
Kanwal, S. Amelioration of drought stress in wheat by combined application of PGPR, compost, and mineral fertilizer. Plant Nutr. Kind, S. Manipulation of cytokinin level in the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea emphasizes its contribution to virulence. Kumar, M. Biodiversity of methylotrophic microbial communities and their potential role in mitigation of abiotic stresses in plants. Biologia 74, — Lara, M. Extracellular invertase is an essential component of cytokinin-mediated delay of senescence.
Plant Cell 16, — Lisabeth, E. Cytokinin activity in larval infected leaves. Liu, F. Cytokinin-producing, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria that confer resistance to drought stress in Platycladus orientalis container seedlings. Liu, Z. Effects of cytokinins on fungus development and host response in powdery mildew of barley.
Maheshwari, D. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity , vol. Cham: Springer , — Maksimov, I. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as alternative to chemical crop protectors from pathogens review. Mapes, C. Cytokinins in the ball gall of Solidago altissima and in the gall forming larvae of Eurosta solidaginis.
0コメント